Capturing Maxwell’s demon: Analyzing microscopic changes in thermodynamics
In 1867, Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell challenged the second law of thermodynamics according to which entropy in a closed system must always increase. In his thought experiment, Maxwell took a closed gas container, divided it into two parts with an inner wall and provided the wall with a small trap door. By opening and closing the door, the creature – ‘demon’ – controlling it could separate slow cold and fast warm particles to their respective sides, thus creating a temperature difference in contravention of the laws of thermodynamics.
On theoretical level, the thought experiment has been an object of consideration for nearly 150 years, but testing it experimentally has been impossible until the last
few years.
"The system we constructed is a single-electron transistor that is formed by a small metallic island connected to two leads by tunnel junctions made of superconducting
materials. The demon connected to the system is also a single-electron transistor that monitors the movement of electrons in the system. When an electron tunnels to
the island, the demon traps it with a positive charge. Conversely, when an electron leaves the island, the demon repels it with a negative charge and forces it to move
uphill contrary to its potential, which lowers the temperature of the system," explained Professor Jukka Pekola.
What makes the demon autonomous or self-contained is that it performs the measurement and feedback operation without outside help. Changes in temperature are indicative of correlation between the demon and the system, or, in simple terms, of how much the demon ‘knows’ about the system. According to Pekola, the research would not have been possible without the Low Temperature Laboratory conditions.
"We work at extremely low temperatures, so the system is so well isolated that it is possible to register extremely small temperature changes," said Pekola. "An
electronic demon also enables a very large number of repetitions of the measurement and feedback operation in a very short time, whereas those who, elsewhere in the
world, used molecules to construct their demons had to contend with not more than a few hundred repetitions."
An autonomous Maxwell’s demon. When the demon sees the electron enter the island (1), it traps the electron with a positive charge (2). When the electron leaves the island (3), the demon switches back a negative charge (4). Image: Jonne Koski.
"As we work with superconducting circuits, it is also possible for us to create qubits of quantum computers. Next, we would like to examine these same phenomena on the quantum level," said Pekola.
Reference
On-Chip Maxwell’s Demon as an Information-Powered Refrigerator; J.V. Koski, A. Kutvonen, I.M. Khaymovich, T. Ala-Nissila, and J.P. Pekola; Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 260602 – Published 30 December 2015
Related articles and links:
https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.260602
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