‘Conductive Play-Doh’ points way to new class of materials
Scientists at the University of Chicago say they have have discovered a way to create a material that can be made like a plastic, but conducts electricity more like a metal. Their research shows how to make a kind of material in which the molecular fragments are jumbled and disordered, but can still conduct electricity extremely well.
This, say the researchers, goes against all of the rules known about for conductivity and could point a way to a new class of materials for electronics and devices.
“In principle, this opens up the design of a whole new class of materials that conduct electricity, are easy to shape, and are very robust in everyday conditions,” says John Anderson, an associate professor of chemistry at the University of Chicago and the senior author of a study on the research.
“Essentially,” says Jiaze Xie (PhD’22, now at Princeton), the first author on the paper, “it suggests new possibilities for an extremely important technological group of materials.”
Conductive materials are essential for making any kind of electronic device. By far the oldest and largest group of conductors is the metals: copper, gold, aluminum. Then, about 50 years ago, scientists were able to create conductors made out of organic materials, using a chemical treatment known as “doping,” which sprinkles in different atoms or electrons through the material.
These materials are more flexible and easier to process than traditional metals, but can lose their conductivity if exposed to moisture or if the temperature gets too high. But fundamentally, both the organic and traditional metallic conductors share a common characteristic: they are made up of straight, closely packed rows of atoms or molecules.
This means that electrons can easily flow through the material, much like cars on a highway. In fact, scientists have long thought a material had to have these straight, orderly rows in order to conduct electricity efficiently.
The latest findings were discovered when Xie began experimenting with some materials discovered years ago, but largely ignored. He strung nickel atoms like pearls into a string of of molecular beads made of carbon and sulfur, and began testing.
To the their astonishment, say the researchers, the material easily and strongly conducted electricity. What’s more, it was very stable.
“We heated it, chilled it, exposed it to air and humidity, and even dripped acid and base on it, and nothing happened,” says Xie.
That is enormously helpful for a device that has to function in the real world. However, say the researchers, the most striking thing was that the molecular structure of the material was disordered.
“From a fundamental picture, that should not be able to be a metal,” says Anderson. “There isn’t a solid theory to explain this.”
The researchers worked with other scientists around the university to try to understand how the material can conduct electricity. After tests, simulations, and theoretical work, say the researchers, they think that the material forms layers, like sheets in a lasagna. Even if the sheets rotate sideways, no longer forming a neat lasagna stack, electrons can still move horizontally or vertically — as long as the pieces touch.
The end result is unprecedented for a conductive material.
“It’s almost like conductive Play-Doh — you can smush it into place and it conducts electricity,” says Anderson.
The discovery, say the researchers, suggests a fundamentally new design principle for electronics technology. Conductors are so important that virtually any new development opens up new lines for technology
One of the material’s attractive characteristics is new options for processing. For example, metals usually have to be melted in order to be made into the right shape for a chip or device, which limits what can be made with them, since other components of the device have to be able to withstand the heat needed to process these materials.
The new material has no such restriction because it can be made at room temperatures. It can also be used where the need for a device or pieces of the device to withstand heat, acid or alkalinity, or humidity has previously limited engineers’ options to develop new technology.
The researchers are also exploring the different forms and functions the material might make.
“We think we can make it 2-D or 3-D, make it porous, or even introduce other functions by adding different linkers or nodes,” says Xie.
For more, see “Intrinsic glassy-metallic transport in an amorphous coordination polymer.”
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