Highly efficient and reliable power supply for LED street lighting
LEDs provide high efficiency and long life compared to conventional lighting sources. Therefore, they are becoming first priority of lamp types to reduce energy consumption for internal or external lighting.
This is also the case in street lightings where better efficiency and longer life are essential for less cost. A switching power supply designed to power up LED lamp should also have high efficiency and robustness to assure maintenance free lifetime as long as the LED lamp. Resonant converters are one of the most popular power supply topologies here since their performance delivers increased power efficiency and reduces EMI compared to previous power supply topologies.
Soft switching is an important feature of resonant converters. But the use of the body diode in resonant converters sometimes leads to the system failures. The stored charge in body diode should be completely removed to avoid high current and voltage spikes including high dv/dt and di/dt in these topologies. Therefore, critical parameters of power MOSFETs such as Qrr, and reverse recovery dv/dt directly affect the dynamic performance of resonant converters. This article will explore total solution for switching power supply targeted to LED street lighting. New resonant controller combined with new power switch enable high efficiency solution for LED lighting power supply while not sacrificing robustness and cost effectiveness of the converter.
Resonant converters for high efficiency
Several DC-DC power conversion topologies have been introduced to reduce switching losses, device stresses on the power MOSFETs and the radio frequency interference (RFI) while achieving high power density. Among them, resonant converters, which utilize body diode of MOSFETs for zero voltage switching, are proven to be very effective for higher efficiency. Especially, LLC resonant converter can achieve high efficiency at high input voltage and low voltage stress on secondary rectifier since there is no inductor on secondary. In addition, LLC resonant converter can guarantee zero voltage switching (ZVS) operation at even no load. The ZVS technique dramatically reduces the switching losses and significantly improves efficiency. The zero voltage switching also reduces the switching noise noticeably, which allows a small sized electromagnetic interference filter. Because of these unique characteristics, LLC resonant converters are becoming a popular topology for many applications including LED street lighting. FAN7621S offers everything necessary to build a reliable and robust LLC resonant converter. It simplifies designs and improves productivity by including a high-side gate drive circuit, an accurate current controlled oscillator, frequency limit circuit, soft start, and built-in protection functions.
The various protection functions it provides are over voltage and over current protections (OVP/OCP), abnormal over current protection (AOCP), and internal thermal shutdown (TSD). All protections are auto-restart because of the particular application requirement of LED street lighting. The high-side gate drive circuit has a common mode noise cancellation capability that guarantees stable operation with excellent noise immunity. Even with the latest resonant controller, converter operating point moves into zero current switching (ZCS) region under shorted output condition. Fig. 1 shows how an operating point moves. During this condition, ZVS is lost and the MOSFET conducts extremely high current. The most severe drawback of ZCS operation is hard switching at turn-on that leads to the MOSFET body diode reverse recovery stress.
The body diode turns off at a very large dv/dt and therefore, at a very large di/dt, generates a high reverse-recovery current spike. These spikes can be over ten times higher than the magnitude of the steady-state current. This high current causes considerable increase in losses and heats up the MOSFET. Then, dv/dt capability of MOSFET is degraded due to temperature rise in junction. In extreme cases, it may destroy the MOSFET and cause system failure.
Figure 1. Operating Points of LLC Resonant Converter according to Load Condition.
The latest MOSFET technology
The body diode of MOSFETs typically has very long reverse recovery time and large reverse recovery charge. In spite of its poor performance, the body diode has been utilized as freewheeling diode because it can make simple circuit without adding system cost in some applications such as resonant converters. As more and more applications use an intrinsic body diode as the critical component in the system, Fairchild designed a new highly optimized power MOSFET for resonant converters with deep analysis of MOSFET failure mechanisms. It has improved body diode ruggedness and less stored energy in output capacitance. As shown in Table 1, the reverse recovery charge (Qrr) of new UniFET™ II MOSFET family is dramatically reduced by 50% and 88% compared to alternate solutions.
Table 1. Critical Specification Comparison of DUT.
MOSFET’s capacitance is nonlinear and depends on the drain-source voltage since its capacitance is essentially a junction capacitance. In soft switching applications, MOSFET output capacitance can be used as a resonant component. When the MOSFET is turned on, the current that extracted from the magnetizing energy stored in transformer flows to discharge the MOSFET output capacitance in order to allow ZVS condition. Therefore, if stored energy in output capacitance of MOSFET is small, less resonant energy required to achieve soft switching without increasing the circulating energy. The UniFET™ II MOSFET family has approximately 35% reduced stored energy in output capacitance than same on-resistance competitor’s devices at for typical switching power supply bulk capacitor voltage. The benchmark of stored energy in output capacitance is shown in Fig. 2.
Figure 2. Stored energy in output capacitance
Benefit to resonant converter
The switching process of the diode from on state to reverse blocking state is called reverse recovery. During forward conducting of diode, charges are stored in the P-N junction of the diode. When reverse voltage is applied, stored charge should be removed to go back to blocking state. The removal of the stored charge occurs via two phenomena: the flow of a large reverse current and recombination. A large reverse recovery current occurs in the diode during the process. In MOSFET body diode case, some of reverse recovery current flows right underneath N+ source. Fig. 3 shows MOSFET failing waveforms during body diode reverse recovery. With competitor A, failure happens right after the current level reaches peak reverse recovery current at 6.87V/ns of dv/dt. It means the peak current triggered parasitic BJT. But UniFET™ II MOSFET family survives up to even more higher dv/dt, 14.32V/ns.
Figure 3. Voltage and current waveforms during reverse recovery of body diode.
Fig. 4 presents how rugged body diode of UniFET™ II MOSFET family benefits reliability of converter under shorted output. Operation mode is changed from ZVS to ZCS after output short. The current spike of UniFET™ II MOSFET family is much lower due to smaller Qrr, and most importantly device is not failed.
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Figure 4. Operating waveforms under short circuit condition.
The other misbehavior of converter can be happened during start-up state. Fig. 5 shows switch current waveforms at start-up. The high level of current spike, exceeding 27A, is induced due to big peak reverse recovery current. It can trigger a protection function of control IC. On the contrary, UniFET™ II MOSFET family shows no high current spike.
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Figure 5. Waveforms at start-up state.
In order to compare the power conversion efficiency of UniFET™ II MOSFET family and competitors, a 150W LLC resonant half-bridge converter is designed. The summary of the efficiency measurements is shown in Fig. 6. The system efficiency is higher than competitor MOSFETs for entire input voltage range. The major reason for higher efficiency is the reduced switch-off loss and output capacitive loss because of lower Qg and Eoss.
Figure 6. Efficiency comparisons on LLC resonant converter
Summary
The new power MOSFET family combines rugged intrinsic body diode performance with fast switching, aimed at achieving better reliability and efficiency in resonant converter applications. With reduced gate charge and stored energy in output capacitance, driving loss is decreased and switching efficiency is increased. The UniFET™ II MOSFET family provides designers better reliability and efficiency at minimum cost.
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