Paving the way for improved fuel cell vehicles

Hydrogen is a fuel alternative that is becoming increasingly interesting for heavy-duty vehicles.  Hydrogen-powered vehicles only emit water vapour as exhaust, and if the hydrogen is produced using renewable energy, it is completely free of carbon dioxide emissions. Unlike battery-powered electric vehicles, hydrogen-powered vehicles do not need to burden the electricity grid, as hydrogen can be produced and stored when electricity is cheap.

For some hydrogen-powered vehicles the propulsion comes from a so-called fuel cell. However, hydrogen-fuel-cell-powered vehicles are limited by a relatively short lifespan, because fuel cell components, such as electrodes and membranes, degrade over time. It is this problem that the recent study addresses. 

Researchers at Chalmers University of Technology have developed a new method for studying what affects the ageing of fuel cells by tracking a specific particle in the fuel cell during use. The team of researchers have studied an entire fuel cell by taking it apart at regular intervals. Using advanced electron microscopes, they have then been able to follow how the cathode electrode degrades in specific areas during the cycles of use. Previous studies have been done on so-called half-cells, which are similar (but not the same as) half of a fuel-cell and are carried out under conditions that differ significantly from the real fuel cell.  

“It has previously been assumed that the performance would be affected by the fuel cell being disassembled and studied in the way we have done, but it turned out that this assumption is not correct, which is surprising,” says research leader Björn Wickman, Associate Professor at the Department of Physics at Chalmers.

The researchers at Chalmers have been able to explore how the material in the fuel cell degrades at both the nano and micro level, and pinpoint exactly when and where the degradation occurs. This provides valuable information for the development of new and improved fuel cells with a longer lifespan.

“From previously only looking at how the fuel cell has aged after use, we have now been able to look into the middle stage,” says doctoral student Linnéa Strandberg at Chalmers. “Being able to follow a single, chosen particle within a specific area, provided a much better understanding of the degradation processes. Greater knowledge of these is an important step on the way to designing new materials for fuel cells or to adjust the control of the fuel cell.”