Powering sensors: Can harnessing vibrations prove a renewable windfall?
In a recent issue of the Journal of Sound and Vibration, the researchers report that they have discovered something new about the vibrations that pass through tree-shaped objects when they are shaken.
Specifically, they have demonstrated that tree-like structures made with electromechanical materials can convert random forces – such as winds or footfalls on a bridge – into strong structural vibrations that are ideal for generating electricity.
The technology may prove most valuable when applied on a small scale, in situations where other renewable energy sources such as solar are not an option, said project leader Ryan Harne, assistant professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering at Ohio State, and director of the Laboratory of Sound and Vibration Research.
The ‘trees’ themselves would be simple structures such as a trunk with a few branches. No leaves will be required.
Early applications would include powering the sensors that monitor the structural integrity and health of civil infrastructure, such as buildings and bridges. Harne envisions tiny trees feeding voltages to a sensor on the underside of a bridge, or on a girder deep inside a high-rise building.
The project takes advantage of the plentiful vibrational energy that surrounds us every day, explained Harne. Some sources are wind-induced structural motions, seismic activity and human activity.
“Buildings sway ever so slightly in the wind, bridges oscillate when we drive on them and car suspensions absorb bumps in the road,” said Harne. “In fact, there’s a massive amount of kinetic energy associated with those motions that is otherwise lost. We want to recover and recycle some of that energy.”
Sensors monitor the soundness of a structure by detecting the vibrations that pass through it, he explained. The initial aim of the project is to turn those vibrations into electricity, so that structural monitoring systems could actually be powered by the same vibrations they are monitoring.
Today, the only way to power most structural sensors is to use batteries or plug the sensors directly into power lines, both of which are expensive and hard to manage for sensors planted in remote locations. If sensors could capture vibrational energy, they could acquire and wirelessly transmit their data is a truly self-sufficient way.
At first, the idea of using tree-like devices to capture wind or vibration energies may seem straightforward, because real trees obviously dissipate energy when they sway. And other research groups have tested the effectiveness of similar tree structures using idealized – that is, not random – vibrations.
But until now, researchers have not made a concerted effort to capture realistic ambient vibrations with a tree-shaped electromechanical device – mainly because it was assumed that random forces of nature would not be suitable for generating the consistent oscillations that yield useful electrical energies.
First, through mathematical modeling, Harne determined that it is possible for tree-like structures to maintain vibrations at a consistent frequency despite large, random inputs, so that the energy can be effectively captured and stored via power circuitry. The phenomenon is called internal resonance, and it is how certain mechanical systems dissipate internal energies.
In particular, Harne determined that he could exploit internal resonance to coax an electromechanical tree to vibrate with large amplitudes at a consistent low frequency, even when the tree was experiencing only high frequency forces. It even worked when these forces were significantly overwhelmed by extra random noise, as natural ambient vibrations would be in many environments.
Harne and his colleagues tested the mathematical model in an experiment, where they built a tree-like device out of two small steel beams—one a tree ‘trunk’ and the other a ‘branch’ – connected by a strip of an electromechanical material, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), to convert the structural oscillations into electrical energy.
The scientists installed the model tree on a device that shook it back and forth at high frequencies. At first, to the eye, the tree did not seem to move because the device oscillated with only small amplitudes at a high frequency. Regardless, the PVDF produced a small voltage from the motion: about 0.8 volts.
Then they added noise to the system, as if the tree were being randomly nudged slightly more one way or the other. That’s when the tree began displaying what Harne called ‘saturation phenomena’: It reached a tipping point where the high frequency energy was suddenly channeled into a low frequency oscillation. At this point, the tree swayed noticeably back and forth, with the trunk and branch vibrating in sync. This low frequency motion produced more than double the voltage – around two volts.
Those are low voltages, but the experiment was a proof-of-concept: Random energies can produce vibrations that are useful for generating electricity.
“In addition, we introduced massive amounts of noise, and found that the saturation phenomenon is very robust, and the voltage output reliable. That wasn’t known before,” said Harne.
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